Manufacturing Industries – CBSE Class 10 Geography Chapter
Chapter Blog | Full Notes | NCERT-based | For 2024–25 Syllabus
Introduction
Manufacturing refers to the process of converting raw materials into finished goods using machines, tools, and human effort. It is the second stage of economic activity, following agriculture.Manufacturing Industries Class 10
Importantly, manufacturing plays a vital role in the economic development of a country. It not only boosts national income but also enhances export capacity and employment. Consequently, it forms the backbone of any modern economy.
Importance of Manufacturing Industries
1. Foundation of Economic Growth
To begin with, manufacturing increases the value of raw materials, thereby improving overall productivity and economic performance.
2. Reduces Burden on Agriculture
As industries develop, more people shift from agriculture to manufacturing. Therefore, the pressure on land and farming decreases significantly.
3. Promotes Agricultural Modernisation
Moreover, manufacturing supports agriculture by producing inputs like tools, machinery, fertilizers, and pesticides.
4. Boosts Export Earning
Finished goods such as garments, electronics, and cars have a higher global demand. As a result, they earn more foreign exchange compared to raw materials.
5. Generates Employment
Manufacturing provides jobs at various levels—from engineers to labourers. In addition, small-scale and cottage industries also absorb a large workforce.
Classification of Manufacturing Industries
Industries can be grouped based on raw materials, size, and ownership. Let’s explore each type.
1. Based on Raw Materials
- Agro-based industries use agricultural produce (e.g., cotton, sugar).
- Mineral-based industries, on the other hand, rely on minerals and ores (e.g., iron and steel).
2. Based on Size
- Large-scale industries involve heavy investment and advanced machinery. For example, TISCO and automobile plants.
- Small-scale industries, however, use fewer resources and are often labour-intensive.
3. Based on Ownership
- Public Sector industries are owned by the government (e.g., SAIL).
- Private Sector industries belong to individuals or groups (e.g., Tata Motors).
- Joint Sector involves both public and private ownership.
- Cooperative Sector is managed by producers or workers collectively (e.g., AMUL).
Major Manufacturing Industries in India
India has a diverse industrial base. Below are some of the most important industries contributing to national growth.
1. Cotton Textile Industry
Importance:
Firstly, it is one of the oldest industries in India. It employs over 35 million people, directly and indirectly. Major Centres:
- Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Surat, Kanpur, Coimbatore, Kolkata
Production Types:
- Handloom (traditional methods)
- Powerloom (semi-mechanised)
- Mill sector (fully mechanised and large-scale)
2. Jute Industry
Significance:
India is the largest producer of raw jute. Furthermore, it ranks second globally in jute product exports.
Concentrated Area:
- Mainly in West Bengal, especially along the Hugli River.
Challenges:
- Increasing competition from synthetic fibres
- Outdated machinery and irregular supply of raw jute
Sustainable Solutions:
To counter these problems, industries are focusing on diversified jute products such as carpets and eco-friendly bags.
3. Sugar Industry
Relevance:
This is the second-largest agro-based industry in India after textiles.
Key Locations:
- Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Bihar
Issues:
However, it faces issues like low sugar recovery rates, seasonal raw material, and high production costs.
4. Iron and Steel Industry
National Backbone:
Iron and steel form the foundation of all modern industries. They supply the base material for infrastructure and engineering.
Main Plants:
- TISCO (Jamshedpur), Bhilai, Durgapur, Rourkela, Bokaro
Raw Materials Needed:
- Iron ore, limestone, manganese, and coal
Problems:
Despite its importance, the industry suffers from high energy costs, low productivity, and obsolete technologies.
5. Cement Industry
Construction Essential:
Cement is vital for building infrastructure like bridges, dams, and housing.
Key Centres:
- Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu
Growth Highlights:
Notably, India is the second-largest cement producer in the world, after China.
6. Automobile Industry
Economic Driver:
Automobiles not only meet domestic needs but also boost export revenue.
Production Hubs:
- Chennai, Pune, Gurgaon, Jamshedpur, Indore
Related Growth:
In addition, the growth of this industry promotes several ancillary units like tyre and battery manufacturers.
7. Electronics and IT Industry
India’s Global Identity:
This is a highly dynamic and fast-growing sector.
Tech Hubs:
- Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Noida, Pune, Chennai
Contribution:
Furthermore, it contributes significantly to employment, exports, and innovation.
Major Industrial Regions in India
Top Industrial Belts:
- Mumbai–Pune
- Hugli Belt
- Bengaluru–Tamil Nadu
- Gujarat Belt
- Chota Nagpur Plateau
- Delhi–Meerut
- Ludhiana–Amritsar
- Hyderabad–Secunderabad
- Visakhapatnam–Guntur
- Thiruvananthapuram–Kollam
These belts are concentrated around transport hubs, mineral sources, and urban centres, ensuring maximum productivity.
Industrial Pollution & Its Impact
Industries, while beneficial, also harm the environment.
Types of Pollution:
- Air Pollution – caused by smoke and emissions
- Water Pollution – due to dumping of industrial waste
- Thermal Pollution – discharge of hot water damages aquatic ecosystems
- Noise Pollution – from machines, compressors, and generators
Controlling Industrial Pollution
Steps Taken:
- Effluent treatment plants are now being made mandatory.
- Cleaner fuels like CNG and renewables are encouraged.
- Zoning policies aim to keep industries away from residential areas.
Moreover, the Environment Protection Act (1986) mandates strict regulations for waste management and emission control.
Factors Affecting Industrial Location
Industries are not randomly set up. Several factors determine their placement:
Key Considerations:
- Raw material proximity reduces cost
- Water and power supply are essential for functioning
- Skilled labour availability increases efficiency
- Good transportation improves distribution
- Market access ensures fast sale of finished goods
As a result, most industries are found near cities or ports.
Industrial Policies and Globalisation
Since 1991, India has adopted liberal policies to attract private and foreign investment.
Key Initiatives:
- New Industrial Policy 1991 – opened the economy to global markets
- Make in India – promotes domestic manufacturing
- FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) in key sectors is now allowed
Consequently, India is becoming a manufacturing hub for the global market.
Industry vs Environment – Finding a Balance
Although industries are vital, sustainability is non-negotiable.
Sustainable Solutions:
- Use of renewable energy
- Adoption of green technologies
- Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) by companies
Ultimately, sustainable development is the only way forward.
Key Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Manufacturing | Making goods from raw materials |
| Agro-based | Industry using agricultural inputs |
| Mineral-based | Uses minerals like iron, copper, etc. |
| Large-scale | Capital and labour-intensive units |
| Public Sector | Government-owned enterprises |
| Effluent | Liquid waste discharged by factories |
Practice Questions
Very Short Answer
- Name two agro-based industries.
- Which state is the largest producer of cement?
Short Answer
- Explain any two benefits of manufacturing industries.
- What causes thermal pollution?
Long Answer
- Discuss the role of cotton and jute industries in India.
- Describe various steps to control industrial pollution.