Challenges to Democracy – Class 10 Political Science
NCERT Notes | CBSE Chapter Summary | Board Prep 2024–25
Introduction
Democracy is widely accepted as the most desirable form of government in today’s world. Yet, democracies face various challenges that test their strength and sustainability. In this chapter, we examine the real-world difficulties that democratic systems encounter and explore how citizens and institutions can overcome these obstacles.Challenges to Democracy Class 10
Although democracy offers dignity, freedom, and equality, it also demands constant vigilance, reform, and participation to stay alive and effective.
What is a Challenge to Democracy?
A challenge to democracy is a problem that requires a critical response to protect or improve democratic practices. These challenges can:
- Weaken democratic institutions
- Reduce citizen participation
- Lead to unfair elections or corruption
- Create inequality or discrimination
Remember: A challenge is different from a simple problem — it demands reform and active effort.
Major Categories of Democratic Challenges
Let’s break down the three broad types of challenges that democracies face worldwide:
1. Foundational Challenge
This challenge occurs when a country is transitioning from non-democratic rule (e.g., military, monarchy, or dictatorship) to a democratic system.
It involves:
- Creating democratic institutions (e.g., constitution, parliament)
- Holding free and fair elections
- Granting rights and freedoms to citizens
🧠 Example: In Nepal, the monarchy was abolished in 2008, and the country adopted democratic practices.
2. Challenge of Expansion
This challenge arises in established democracies when there is a need to extend democratic principles to all areas and groups.
It includes:
- Ensuring equal rights for women, minorities, and backward classes
- Bringing remote or underrepresented areas into mainstream politics
- Making local governments more powerful and accountable
Example: In India, expanding reservation policies and empowering Panchayati Raj are steps to address this challenge.
3. Deepening of Democracy
Even in mature democracies, there is a continuous need to improve:
- The quality of democratic participation
- Transparency in government decisions
- Accountability of leaders and institutions
This challenge asks: Are citizens truly empowered? Are their voices being heard?
Example: Holding politicians accountable for corruption or misuse of power is part of deepening democracy.
Different Countries, Different Challenges
Every democracy faces challenges based on its history, economy, diversity, and political maturity. Let’s look at how this works:
| Country Type | Main Challenge |
|---|---|
| Newly democratic | Establishing democratic institutions |
| Established democracy | Expanding and deepening democratic values |
| Diverse or developing country | Protecting rights, reducing inequality |
There’s no “one-size-fits-all” solution—each democracy must adapt.
Political Reforms: How Can We Strengthen Democracy?
Challenges need practical solutions. But not all reforms work. Let’s see how political reforms (or democratic reforms) can be thoughtfully introduced.
Features of Effective Reforms:
- Legal but practical:
Reforms should go beyond laws and be easy to implement.
Example: Laws banning criminal candidates exist, but their enforcement matters more. - Change in mindset:
People’s attitudes toward politics must improve.
Example: Citizens must vote responsibly. - Strengthening institutions:
Reforms must empower Election Commission, judiciary, and media to work independently and fairly. - Inclusive participation:
Democracy deepens when more people, especially youth, women, and marginalized groups, get involved. - Use of pressure groups and movements:
Civil society plays a key role in demanding reforms through peaceful protest and activism.
Limitations of Reforms
While political reforms are necessary, they also have limitations:
- May be misused for political gain
- Often lack public awareness or support
- Change is usually slow and incremental
Hence, reforms work best when supported by citizen awareness, public pressure, and political will.
Summary Table – Challenges to Democracy
| Challenge Type | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Foundational | Transition to democracy | Nepal (2008) |
| Expansion | Including all groups and areas | Women’s participation in India |
| Deepening | Improving transparency and accountability | RTI Act (Right to Information) |
Real-Life Examples of Challenges
- Corruption in politics – Misuse of power for personal gain
- Low voter turnout – Citizens not participating actively
- Violence during elections – Threats to fair voting
- Underrepresentation of women – Gender inequality in leadership
- Media bias – Spreading misinformation
Each of these is a threat to democratic values and requires reform.
Practice Questions
Very Short Answer
- What is a foundational challenge?
- Name one challenge faced by Indian democracy.
Short Answer
- Differentiate between the challenge of expansion and deepening of democracy.
- What are the limitations of political reforms?
Long Answer
- Explain the three main challenges to democracy with suitable examples.
- Discuss how political reforms can strengthen democratic institutions.
Key Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Democracy | A system where people elect their representatives and enjoy rights |
| Political Reform | Efforts to improve democratic functioning |
| Accountability | Responsibility of elected leaders to answer to the public |
| Participation | Active involvement of citizens in decision-making |